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\[7] Manzini, E. (2015). *Design, When Everybody Designs - An Introduction to Design for Social Innovation.* (F. Ken & E. Stolterman, Eds.) (1st ed.). Cambridge: The MIT Press. Retrieved from <https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/design-when-everybody-designs>

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\[10] Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. (2017). Goalkeepers: The Stories Behind The Data.

\[11] Mintzberg, H. (1978). Patterns in Strategy Formation. Management Science (Vol. 24).

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\[15] Prototyping culture (experiment-to-learn) can be seen as a viable alternative to planning culture (analyse-to-predict) when working in complexity, and is well described in Hassan, Z. (2015). *The Rise of The Prototyping Paradigm.* Social Kritik, 142, 1–13. Retrieved from <http://www.socialkritik.dk/#indhold131>

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\[33] Ryan, A. J. (2014). *A Framework for Systemic Design.* FORMakademisk: Relating Systems Thinking and Design II, 7(4), 1–14. <https://doi.org/10.7577/formakademisk.787>

\[34] Irwin, T., Kossoff, G., Tonkinwise, C., & Scupelli, P. (2015). *Transition Design 2015.* Carnegie Mellon School of Design, 32. <https://doi.org/10.1080/14487136.2015.1085688>

\[35] Manzini, E. (2015). *Design, When Everybody Designs - An Introduction to Design for Social Innovation.* (F. Ken & E. Stolterman, Eds.) (1st ed.). Cambridge: The MIT Press. Retrieved from <https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/design-when-everybody-designs>

\[36] Meroni, A. (2008). *Strategic design: where are we now? Reflection around the foundations of a recent discipline.* Strategic Design Research Journal, 1(1), 31–38. <https://doi.org/10.4013/sdrj.20081.05>

\[37] Snowden, D. (2007). *Cynefin Framework*. Retrieved from <http://cognitive-edge.com/>

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\[46] Driscoll, D., Christensen, B., & Ritchie, E. (2017). *Government needs to front up billions, not millions, to save Australia’s threatened species.* The Conversation, 1–5.

\[47] McCarthy, D. P., Donald, P. F., Scharlemann, J. P. W., Buchanan, G. M., Balmford, A., Green, J. M. H., … Butchart, S. H. M. (2012). *Financial Costs of Meeting Global Biodiversity Conservation Targets: Current Spending and Unmet Needs.* Science, 338(6109), 946–949. <https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1227608>

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\[49] Ceballos, G., Ehrlich, P. R., Barnosky, A. D., García, A., Pringle, R. M., & Palmer, T. M. (2015). *Accelerated modern human-induced species losses: Entering the sixth mass extinction.* Science Advances, 1(5), e1400253–e1400253. <https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1400253>

\[50] Wood, A., Stedman-Edwards, P., & Mang, J. (2013). *The root causes of biodiversity loss.* Ecology and Society, 5(1), 3.

\[51] Brooks, J., Waylen, K. A., & Mulder, M. B. (2013). *Assessing community-based conservation projects: A systematic review and multilevel analysis of attitudinal, behavioral, ecological, and economic outcomes.* Environmental Evidence, 2(2), 34. <https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-2382-2-2>

\[52] Peters, M., Hamilton, D., Eames, C., Innes, J., & Mason, N. (2016). *The current state of community-based environmental monitoring in New Zealand.* New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 40(3), 279–288. <https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.40.37>

\[53] Gavin, M. C., McCarter, J., Berkes, F., Mead, A. T. P., Sterling, E. J., Tang, R., & Turner, N. J. (2018). *Effective biodiversity conservation requires dynamic, pluralistic, partnership-based approaches.* Sustainability (Switzerland), 10(6), 1–11. <https://doi.org/10.3390/su10061846>

\[54] McCarthy, D. P., Donald, P. F., Scharlemann, J. P. W., Buchanan, G. M., Balmford, A., Green, J. M. H., … Butchart, S. H. M. (2012). Financial Costs of Meeting Global Biodiversity Conservation Targets: Curren*t Spending and Unmet Needs.* Science, 338(6109), 946–949. <https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1227608>

\[55] Peters, M., Hamilton, D., Eames, C., Innes, J., & Mason, N. (2016). *The current state of community-based environmental monitoring in New Zealand.* New Zealand Journal of Ecology, 40(3), 279–288. <https://doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.40.37>

\[56] These three types of data are a categorisation which I have developed as part of my research. See [Conservation Data in appendix](https://kanopi.gitbook.io/mdes-exegesis/appendices/conservation-data).

\[57] Wood, A., Stedman-Edwards, P., & Mang, J. (2013). *The root causes of biodiversity loss.* Ecology and Society, 5(1), 3. Retrieved from <http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/2>

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\[67] For more information about this definition and its context, see the [Fourth Order Design appendix](https://kanopi.gitbook.io/mdes-exegesis/appendices/fourth-order-design). Quote from: Golsby-Smith, T. (1996). *Fourth Order Design : A Practical Perspective.* Design Issues, 12(1), 5–25.

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\[72] Quote attributed to Bill O’Brien (CEO of Hanover Insurance) in Scharmer, C. O. (2016). Theory U: Leading from the Future as It Emerges. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

\[73] Late in my project, I found the work of Birger Sevaldson on Giga-mapping and the work of Peter Jones on synthesis maps which look like promising approaches for systemic design documentation and synthesis. [See more in the appendix section](https://kanopi.gitbook.io/mdes-exegesis/appendices/documentation-and-presentation-of-systemic-design).

\[74] Boulton, J. G., Allen, P. M., & Bowman, C. (2015). *Embracing complexity: Strategic perspectives for an age of turbulence.* Oxford University Press. <https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199565252.001.0001>

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\[95] Systemic Design Research Network: <https://systemic-design.net/sdrn/>

\[96] Ryan, A. J. (2014). *A Framework for Systemic Design.* FORMakademisk: Relating Systems Thinking and Design II, 7(4), 1–14. <https://doi.org/10.7577/formakademisk.787>

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\[98] Jones, P. (2017). *The Systemic Turn: Leverage for World Changing.* She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation, 3(3), 157–163. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sheji.2017.11.001>

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\[109] Snowden, D. (2007). *Cynefin Framework*. Retrieved from <http://cognitive-edge.com/>

\[110] Open Data Challenges are commonly used citizen and industry engagement initiatives which use data from a system to identify and prototype new responses. They are widely seen as having the potential to unlock or create value for existing systems through a range of activities such as hackathons, service jams, world cafe, and other participatory processes. Examples include [Climathon NZ](http://www.climathon.nz/), [Delaware Open Data Challenge](https://opendatachallenge.com/), and [ODI & Nesta’s Open Data Challenge Series](https://www.nesta.org.uk/project/open-data-challenge-series/).

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\[121] Jones, P., & Bowes, J. (2017). *Rendering Systems Visible for Design: Synthesis Maps as Constructivist Design Narratives.* She Ji: The Journal of Design, Economics, and Innovation, 3(3), 229–248. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sheji.2017.12.001>

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